Outcomes and covariates of included studies of egg consumption in relation to risk of coronary heart disease and stroke
| Study | Endpoints | Case ascertainment | Dietary category and relative risk (95% CI) | Covariates in fully adjusted model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hu et al, 199936 (men) | Coronary heart disease | Self reported diagnosis or confirmed by medical records or autopsy | <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1, 1.06 (0.88 to 1.27); 2-4, 1.12 (0.95 to 1.33); 5-6, 0.90 (0.63 to 1.27); ≥7, 1.08 (0.79 to 1.48) | Age, body mass index, two year time periods, smoking, parental history of myocardial infarction, multivitamin supplement use, alcohol consumption, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (women), history of hypertension, physical activity, and total energy intake |
| Hu et al, 199936 (women) | Coronary heart disease | Same as above | <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1, 0.82 (0.67 to 1.00); 2-4, 0.99 (0.82 to 1.18); 5-6, 0.95 (0.70 to 1.29); ≥7, 0.82 (0.60 to 1.13) | |
| Sauvaget et al, 200339 | Stroke mortality | Confirmed by nationwide family registration system | Never, 1.0 (reference); ≤1 egg/week*, 0.74 (0.55 to 1.00); 2-4 eggs/week, 0.78 (0.59 to 1.04); almost daily, 0.72 (0.54 to 0.97) | Age, sex, birth cohort, city, radiation dose, body mass index, smoking, alcohol habits, education level, history of diabetes, or hypertension |
| Nakamura et al, 200437 (men) | Ischemic heart disease mortality, stroke mortality | Confirmed by National Vital Statistics | Ischemic heart disease mortality: seldom, 1.18 (0.26 to 5.42); 1-2 eggs/week, 1.71 (0.78 to 3.76); 0.5 eggs/day, 1.49 (0.63 to 3.48); 1 egg/day, 1.0 (reference) Stroke mortality: seldom, 0.93 (0.36 to 2.40); 1-2 eggs/week, 1.09 (0.69 to 1.72); 0.5 eggs/day, 1.10 (0.68 to 1.76); 1 egg/day, 1.0 (reference); ≥2 eggs/day, 0.25 (0.03 to 1.81) | Age, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, blood glucose, body mass index, blood pressures, use of blood pressure lowering drugs, smoking, and alcohol intake |
| Nakamura et al, 200437 (women) | Ischemic heart disease mortality, stroke mortality | Same as above | Ischemic heart disease mortality: seldom, 1.42 (0.56 to 3.62); 1-2 eggs/week, 0.64 (0.28 to 1.44); 0.5 eggs/day, 0.78 (0.35 to 1.82); 1 egg/day, 1.0 (reference); ≥2 eggs/day, 1.27 (0.16 to 9.80) Stroke mortality: seldom, 0.78 (0.35 to 1.73); 1-2 eggs/week, 0.79 (0.47 to 1.33); 0.5 eggs/day, 1.46 (0.89 to 2.4); 1 egg/day, 1.0 (reference); ≥2 eggs/day, 1.22 (0.29 to 5.17) | |
| Nakamura et al, 200640 | Coronary heart disease | Confirmed by medical records, letter, telephone or death certificate | <1 egg/week*, 1.19 (0.86 to 1.64); 1-2 eggs/week, 1.00 (0.77 to 1.30); 3-4 eggs/week, 1.00 (0.79 to 1.26); almost daily, 1.0 (reference) | Age; sex; body mass index; hypertension; diabetes; use of cholesterol lowering drugs; smoking; alcohol drinking; whether participants intended to avoid cholesterol rich diets; consumption frequencies of meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits; and cohort effects |
| Qureshi et al, 200741 | Coronary artery disease, stroke | Confirmed by medical records or death certificate | Coronary artery disease: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1-6, 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1); >6, 1.1 (0.9 to 1.3) Stroke: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1-6, 0.9 (0.7 to 1.0); >6, 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | Age, sex, race or ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, serum cholesterol, smoking, body mass index, and educational status |
| Djousse et al, 200842 | Myocardial infarction, stroke | Confirmed by physicians or medical records | Myocardial infarction: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1, 1.12 (0.96 to 1.31); 2-4, 1.16 (1.00 to 1.36); 5-6, 1.18 (0.93 to 1.49); ≥7, 0.90 (0.72 to 1.14) Stroke: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1, 0.96 (0.82 to 1.13); 2-4, 1.06 (0.91 to 1.24); 5-6, 1.13 (0.89 to 1.42); ≥7, 0.99 (0.80 to 1.23) | Age, body mass index, smoking, history of hypertension, vitamin intake, alcohol consumption, vegetable consumption, breakfast cereal, physical activity, treatment arm, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of premature myocardial infarction |
| Scrafford et al, 201134 (men) | Coronary heart disease mortality, stroke mortality | Not applicable | Coronary heart disease mortality: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1-6, 1.26 (0.79 to 2.00); >6, 1.13 (0.61 to 2.11) Stroke mortality: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1-6, 1.00 (0.49 to 2.02); >6, 0.27 (0.10 to 0.73) | Age, energy, marital status, educational status, race or ethnicity, smoking, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, diabetes, hypertension, and dietary variables |
| Scrafford et al, 201134 (women) | Coronary heart disease mortality, stroke mortality | Not applicable | Coronary heart disease mortality: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1-6, 1.12 (0.66 to 1.89); >6, 0.92 (0.27 to 3.11) Stroke mortality: <1 egg/week, 1.0 (reference); 1-6, 0.93 (0.46 to 1.90); >6, 1.03 (0.25 to 4.22) | |
| Bernstein et al, 201238 (men) | Stroke | Confirmed by medical records or autopsy report | 0.14 eggs/week†, 1.0 (reference); 0.49, 0.80 (0.66 to 0.97); 1.19, 0.88 (0.73 to 1.05); 3.01, 0.80 (0.66 to 0.96); 5.53, 0.84 (0.68 to 1.04) | Age, time period, body mass index, smoking, physical exercise, parental history of early myocardial infarction, menopausal status in women, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use at least once per week, total energy, cereal fiber, alcohol, trans fat, fruit and vegetables, and other protein sources |
| Bernstein et al, 201238 (women) | Stroke | Same as above | 0.49 eggs/week†, 1.0 (reference); 1.26, 0.90 (0.80 to 1.01); 2.17, 0.94 (0.83 to 1.05); 3.01, 0.86 (0.76 to 0.99); 4.69, 0.91 (0.80 to 1.04) |
*Unit of egg consumption was assumed.
†Servings per day converted to eggs consumed per week.